In Depth

Well-known benchmarks include MMLU (knowledge), HumanEval (coding), GSM8K (math), HELM (holistic language evaluation), and Big-Bench. Benchmark results should be interpreted carefully: models can be inadvertently or deliberately optimized for benchmark performance in ways that don't reflect real-world capability ("benchmark overfitting"). A healthy benchmark ecosystem requires continuous creation of new, contamination-free evaluations.